A pressure vessel is a vessel that can withstand high pressures and is commonly used for storing, transporting, and processing various gases, liquids, and gaseous liquid mixtures. The pressure vessel is mainly composed of vessel body, flange, seal, support and accessories. Common pressure vessels are gas cylinder, gas storage tank, distillation tower, reactor and so on.
The design and manufacture of pressure vessels must comply with relevant national standards and specifications, and pass strict inspection and testing to ensure their safety and reliability. During use, you must comply with the operation regulations and safety precautions, and periodically check and maintain the device to ensure its normal operation and safe use.
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Artificial skin is perceptually cool and cold. Although artificial hands have become increasingly realistic in movement and flexibility, most artificial skin still remains at the level of imperceptible plastic coatings. Dr. John Simpson, a research scientist from the Advanced Nanomaterials Synthesis and Properties Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the U.S., stated, “Using carbon nanotube technology, we can create artificial skin that not only mimics real skin but may even surpass it in performance.â€
Simpson and his colleague Ilya Ivanov are leading a project called “thin skin,†aiming to develop flexible, lightweight, and fully functional artificial skin. The team also includes scientists from NASA’s Langley Research Center and the National Space Research Institute. They are using carbon nanotubes because materials made from them offer a wide range of useful properties. These materials can act as temperature and pressure sensors, flexible conductors, or be integrated into polymers that mimic the mechanical and thermal properties of human skin.
Ivanov explained, “Carbon nanotubes do not trigger an immune response, meaning the body doesn’t recognize them as foreign. In the future, they could help connect artificial skin with the nervous system, allowing sensory information to return to the brain.†The current focus is on creating a small patch of waterproof skin that can sense temperature and pressure changes. This top layer is made from a specially designed nano-structured material resembling sand particles. Each particle enhances surface tension, providing natural water resistance. The material can be applied like a powder and bonded using heat, protecting internal electronics from moisture.
The team is also exploring how to use carbon nanotubes to harvest solar energy or body heat for powering the sensors. Ivanov added, “We’re excited about what the future holds for this technology.â€
Improving robotic simulation has been a major goal for researchers. Scientists have spent years developing advanced robotic skin to make robots more human-like. When American scientists apply their new artificial skin to robots, it significantly enhances their ability to simulate human touch and behavior. Earlier, experts at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, like Vladimir Lumelsky, embedded sensors in robot skin, enabling better space exploration capabilities.
Robots need sensitive skin to replicate human touch, and recent developments have led to skins that can detect pressure and temperature, similar to human skin. Transistors and semiconductors have evolved into "raw skin materials" based on carbon atom chains, making robots more tactile.
NASA scientists have developed a new type of artificial skin using vertical carbon nanotubes embedded in a rubber polymer used in cosmetic surgery. This skin-like layer, connected by gold wires, transfers heat to a sensor network, just like real skin. When carbon nanotubes enhance the piezoelectric effect on the polymer, the sensors send signals to the robot's "brain."
However, there is still a long way to go before artificial skin can fully match natural skin. Ivanov noted that while artificial skin shows advantages in medical applications, it struggles to address all issues caused by skin defects. Natural skin is the body’s largest organ, with complex structures including hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, which play crucial physiological roles.
Current artificial skin lacks the appearance, toughness, and mechanical properties of real skin. It doesn't have hair, blood vessels, sweat glands, or melanocytes. More importantly, its barrier function, immune response, and metabolic exchange are far from normal skin. While it helps close wounds and prevent infections, it cannot replace real skin in facial or exposed areas, nor can it meet aesthetic needs.
Artificial skin is still limited in clinical use due to risks of rejection and strict application guidelines. It is currently used as a temporary aid, not a complete replacement. The production process requires high precision and must be done under professional supervision—far from being as simple as some media suggest, like a bandage.
Ivanov concluded, “We should have an objective view of artificial skin and avoid overestimating its current capabilities.â€
October 09, 2025