Artificial skin is perceptually cool and cold. Although artificial hands are becoming increasingly realistic in movement and flexibility, most artificial skin still remains at the level of simple plastic coatings. Dr. John Simpson, a research scientist from the Advanced Nanomaterials Synthesis and Properties Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States, stated: "With carbon nanotube technology, we can create artificial skin that not only mimics real skin but may even surpass it in certain aspects." Simpson and his colleague Ilya Ivanov are leading a project called "thin skin," aiming to develop flexible, lightweight, and fully functional artificial skin. The team also includes scientists from NASA's Langley Research Center and the National Space Research Institute. They are exploring how carbon nanotubes—materials with remarkable properties—can be used to make sensors, conductors, or components that mimic human skin’s mechanical and thermal characteristics. Ivanov explained, "Carbon nanotubes don’t trigger an immune response, meaning the body doesn’t reject them. In the future, they could help connect robots or prosthetics directly to the nervous system, allowing sensory information to be sent back to the brain." The current focus is on creating a small piece of waterproof skin capable of sensing temperature and pressure changes. This top layer is made of nano-structured materials that resemble sand particles, enhancing water resistance by amplifying surface tension. These particles can be applied like powder and fused with heat, forming a protective barrier that prevents moisture from damaging internal electronics. The team is also exploring ways to power these sensors using solar energy or body heat. Ivanov said, "We’re excited about what the future holds for this technology." Improving robotic simulation has been a long-term goal for researchers. Artificial skin developed by American scientists can significantly enhance a robot’s ability to mimic human behavior. Previously, experts at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, like Vladimir Lumelsky, embedded sensors into robotic skin, enabling better performance during space missions. Robots need sensitive skin to detect touch, just as humans do. Some recent developments include robotic skin that can sense pressure and temperature, similar to natural skin. NASA scientists have created a new type of artificial skin using vertical carbon nanotubes arranged on a rubber polymer commonly used in cosmetic surgery. This material acts like real skin, with nanotubes connected by gold wires. When pressed against a surface, the skin sends heat and pressure data to the robot’s sensor network, allowing it to respond more naturally. However, there is still a long way to go before artificial skin can fully replicate the complexity of real skin. Ivanov pointed out that while artificial skin shows advantages in medical applications, it still struggles to address all issues caused by skin damage. Real skin is the largest organ, with complex structures including hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, playing vital physiological roles. Current artificial skin lacks the appearance, strength, and biological functions of natural skin. It doesn’t have hair, blood vessels, or melanocytes, and its barrier function, immunity, and metabolic exchange are far from satisfactory. As a result, it’s not yet suitable for treating facial or exposed wounds, nor does it meet aesthetic needs. If rejected after implantation, traditional skin grafts may still be required. Artificial skin must be produced in highly controlled environments and applied under strict medical supervision. It is not as simple as some media suggest—like a bandage you can use at home. Ivanov emphasized, "We should have a realistic view of artificial skin and avoid overestimating its current capabilities."

Air Preheaters (APH)

An air preheater (APH) is a device used to heat air, commonly used in industrial boilers, thermal power plants, and other thermal energy facilities. APH improves the thermal efficiency of the boiler by transferring heat from the flue gas to the air entering the boiler through heat exchange with it.


APH usually consists of a Heat Exchanger with a number of parallel pipes inside the exchanger through which smoke and air flow to allow heat exchange. In APH, the smoke flows on the outside of the heat exchanger and the air flows on the inside so that the heat between the smoke and the air can be transferred through the pipe walls.


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October 09, 2025