The environmental impact of a product is a qualitative or quantitative statistic that a product poses a hazard to the environment at some stage or throughout its life cycle. It is a relative concept and is often negative.

In the product life cycle, the impact on the environment is not only the manufacturing stage, but also the material supply stage, use stage and recycling stage of the product. Alting puts forward the concept of the product life cycle, that is, from the perspective of the environmental system, the product life cycle includes the acquisition of raw materials, product design, product manufacturing, transportation, use and maintenance, and product recycling. How to control and evaluate the environmental impact of the product life cycle and improve the product life cycle environmental performance is a research hotspot in the research fields of environmental science and engineering, product design and manufacturing.

Product design determines the environmental performance of the product throughout its life cycle. The strategies for integrating environmental awareness into product design, process design and product manufacturing mainly include DFE (Design for Environment) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA).

DFE inherits the design concept of DFX, including a variety of design tools, such as DFD (De-sign for Disassembly), DFR (Design for Recyc- ling), DFM (Design for Manufacturing), DFA (De-sign for Assembly). LCA is used to analyze and evaluate the resource consumption and pollutant emissions of a specific system, including four stages: target and category definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and improvement analysis. In addition, environmental management of the product life cycle is also an important research content, including green supply chain management, recycling system research of waste products, and environmental management systems. In a nutshell, current research focuses on three areas: using LCA to evaluate the environmental performance of a product's life cycle, identifying important factors that contribute to the environment and important life cycle stages.

Through the research of green unit technology, the environmental performance of products during the life cycle is improved, including the application of DFX tools in the design stage, the clean production technology in the manufacturing stage, and the recycling technology of the products. Environmental management of the whole process of production, operation, use and recycling of products through green signs, environmental management systems, and green supply chains.

The above research has played an important role in the coordinated and sustainable development of society, economy and environment, but there are also problems of low systemicity and poor operability. In order to systematically study the environmental performance of products from the perspective of the whole life cycle and reduce the environmental hazards of products, this paper uses the environmental value to measure the environmental impact based on the quantitative analysis of environmental impact, and proposes the concept of environmental value chain, and applies the environmental value chain. Analysis to improve the environmental value of the product.

1 Quantitative analysis of environmental impacts Environmental impact analysis takes the whole process of product life cycle as the research object, and divides it into five stages: raw material supply (parts supply) stage, manufacturing assembly stage, packaging and transportation stage, use and maintenance stage, and recycling stage. The impact analysis is performed with the unit of work in each stage as the basic unit. The work unit is divided according to the characteristics of each life cycle stage. For example, in the manufacturing assembly stage, the manufacturing process is the basic operation unit; in the packaging transportation stage, the whole stage is used as the basic unit. The environmental impact analysis model of the work unit is as shown.

Waste includes solid waste, liquid waste, etc.; emissions include CO 2, various waste gases, toxic gas substances, etc.; the analysis model also includes material consumption, energy consumption and natural resource consumption analysis. The environmental impacts of these companions during the product life cycle can be summarized as: natural resource depletion, energy loss, global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), photochemical ozone generation potential (POCP), and Acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (N EP), persistent toxicity, ecotoxicity, solid waste accumulation, etc. For each unit of work, the environmental impact of these different forms of influence can be expressed as: I = ∑ni = 1 i E i(1) where: i represents the weight of the i-th environmental influence form; E i Quantitative value of the environmental impact indicating the i-th form of influence, E i = ∑mij = 1 ijxj (2) mi represents the number of species that produce the ith environmental influence; xj represents the total amount of the j-th environmentally-affected material; The quantitative value of the environmental impact of the jth unit affecting the substance on the i-th form of influence.

Therefore, the environmental impact of each life cycle stage and the product life cycle environmental impact EI are expressed as EI = ∑ 5 i = 1 EI i = ∑ 5 i = 1 ∑ lij = 1 I j (3) where EI i = ∑ Lj= 1 I j; l is the number of job units.

2 Environmental Value Chain 2.1 Environmental Value The natural environment is an irreplaceable renewable resource. With the emergence of environmental problems, the environment itself has value. Environmental value accounting and environmental economic evaluation are one of the main issues of research. In the field of environmental research, environmental values ​​can be decomposed into tangible resource values ​​and intangible ecological values. The measurement of environmental value includes measurement of resource value, measurement of ecological value, measurement of environmental capacity value, and measurement of value of resource products. Environmental value accounting mainly includes pollution loss valuation, green GDP accounting, and value accounting of various environmental resources. The evaluation of environmental economy is based on the life cycle thinking. Considering the three main factors of technology, economy and environment in the process or activity, various evaluation methods or systems have emerged at home and abroad, such as environmental cost accounting, full cost accounting, and total Cost accounting, total cost evaluation, etc.

These studies on environmental values ​​have monetized environmental impacts from the perspective of economics, and have achieved important results in assessing the environmental value of construction projects, assessing the value of resources, and calculating pollution losses.

The environmental value defined in this paper is an estimate of the environmental impact of the production of various pollutants during the life cycle of the product. The smaller the environmental impact of the product life cycle, the greater its environmental value. The product environmental value EV is inversely related to the product life cycle environmental impact EI: EV∝1/ EI(4) is available from the above formula. The only measure to improve the environmental value of the product is to reduce the environmental impact of the product life cycle. To quantify the environmental value EV, EV is the ratio of the ideal environmental impact of the product to its actual environmental impact during its life cycle. After adopting advanced raw material mining technology, clean production technology and recycling technology, the resource and energy utilization rate of the life cycle process is the highest. Under the premise that the product is completely recycled after being discarded, the ideal environmental impact EI min can be calculated. The actual impact is small and within the tolerance of the ecological environment. Then there is: EV = EI min / EI (5) It can be seen from equation (5) that 0 < EV < 1, EV can effectively measure the environmental impact of the product life cycle. The larger the EV, the higher the environmental value and the smaller the environmental impact. EV is a standardized indicator of environmental impact.

2. 2 Environmental Value Chain Porter

In 1985, the concept of value chain was first proposed, and the supplier value chain, enterprise value chain, channel value chain and buyer value chain constituted the whole value system. Environmental value is a measure of the environmental impact of a product; environmental value chain refers to the flow of the environmental value of a product throughout the life cycle, and is a series of environmental value change activities and corresponding processes from the supplier to the end of product recycling. The environmental value chain aims to reduce the environmental impact of the product life cycle and improve the environmental value of the product through the analysis of the environmental value chain of the design process.

3 Environmental Value Chain Analysis Product design determines 70% to 80% of the product life cycle economic costs, and also determines the product's life cycle environmental value. The goal of environmental value chain analysis is to improve product design, reduce the environmental impact of product life cycle, and improve products in the product design stage through green supplier selection, manufacturing process analysis, and recycling process analysis. Environmental value. The premise of environmental value chain analysis is to identify the relevant roles that constitute the environmental value chain and to build an information sharing platform for environmental value chain analysis.

3. 1 Environmental Value Chain Role The primary task of environmental value chain analysis is to identify the relevant roles that constitute the product's environmental value chain, and to clarify the roles of each role in the chain and its impact on and contribute to the environmental value of the product. The role of the environmental value chain includes raw material suppliers, designers, manufacturers, users, repairers, and recyclers. The relationship of each role is as shown.

3. 2 Information Model Analysis of Environmental Value Chain Environmental value chain analysis requires the support of product life cycle data. Due to the geographical distribution of roles in the environmental value chain, it is an important content to effectively integrate the data in the whole process of the life cycle into the design process. The information sharing model given in the paper has the characteristics of centralized management and distributed storage. Designers are at the core of the construction of the environmental value chain and serve as a hub for information transfer and interaction, affecting and controlling the operation of the entire environmental value chain. Each individual role can obtain or provide relevant information from the designer server over the network, thereby enabling information sharing and interaction throughout the process.

3. 3 Environmental Value Chain Analysis Environmental value chain analysis can be based on product design solutions obtained through demand analysis, functional analysis, product technology principle analysis and implementation, product structure analysis and implementation; and can also be supported in historical data of product design. Down, at different stages of the design and at different stages. Environmental value chain analysis In the concurrent engineering environment, and supported by the information sharing model between environmental value chain roles, based on the product design, based on the manufacturing process planning and recycling planning, the five phases of the product life cycle get on. The analysis mainly includes: supply chain analysis of materials, such as supplier selection based on environmental awareness; manufacturing process analysis, such as environmental awareness-based manufacturing process analysis; packaging and transportation analysis; use and maintenance analysis; The purpose of the environmental value chain analysis is to evaluate the life cycle environmental value of the product, to optimize the material and component suppliers, to improve the product design, manufacturing process and recycling solutions.

When selecting materials and component suppliers, the factors considered include the environmental impact of the supplier's own material acquisition stage and component manufacturing stage, as well as the transportation, manufacturing, use and maintenance of the product parts related to the materials/components. And the environmental impact of the recycling phase.

Improvements in the preliminary design plan, focusing on environmental attributes during the product life cycle, from product material or component supplier selection, manufacturing environmental performance, detachability, recyclability, maintainability, and reusability Assess and improve the material composition, component structure and product assembly structure of the product.

The improvement of the manufacturing process plan and the recycling treatment plan requires deepening into the work level of the product manufacturing stage and the recycling process stage, taking the unit process as the work unit, performing job analysis, seeking the source from the source, eliminating unnecessary work, and improving the operation. Chains, effectively use the limited resources of society to serve humans, reduce the environmental pollutants brought by the manufacturing process, and thus improve the environmental value of products.

4 Example application environment value chain analysis for supplier selection. An air-conditioning product requires an outsourced compressor. Two existing suppliers, A and B., analyze the role of the air-conditioning environmental value chain and obtain relevant life cycle data to conduct an environmental value chain analysis. The raw data of suppliers A and B in the production of compressors, such as emissions, waste and other raw data are shown.

According to the environmental impact analysis method, the weight vector of various environmental impact forms = (0. 1,0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 1, 0. 15,0. 15), and the environment of suppliers A and B is obtained. Affect the quantitative value. The data in the environmental impact calculation is derived from Eco-Indicator '99, and the unit of environmental impact quantitative value is Pt.

In the stage of compressor material acquisition and manufacturing, the ideal environmental impact EI min1 = 300, so the environmental value of suppliers A and B can be obtained by equation (5): EV A1 = EI min1 / EI A1 = 0. 625 9 EV B1 = EI min1 / EI B1 = 0. 532 1 EV A1 > EV B1, supplier A has a higher internal environmental value.

However, from the perspective of the environmental value chain, it is also necessary to examine the environmental value of the two compressors at other stages of the air conditioning life cycle. Due to the different compressor structure, the structure of the components related to compressor installation is also different. The environmental impact of the two compressors and their associated components during the life cycle of the air conditioning. The service life of the air conditioner is fixed. Environmental impact analysis of the life cycle data of compressors A and B.

For the two different air conditioning designs of compressors A and B, the environmental impacts of the relevant subsequent life cycle phases are: EI A 2 = 176. 53 + 77. 64 + 356. 66 + 804. 5 = 1 415. 33 EI B2 = 187. 96 + 77. 64 + 337. 86 + 365. 06 = 968. 52 Life cycle environmental impact EI A, EI B is: EI A = EI A1 + EI A2 = 1 894. 62 EI B = EI B1 + EI B2 = 1 532. 24 Suppliers A, B Life Cycle Environmental Value Chain Analysis Data As shown, S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 represent five different life cycle stages, respectively. In the four stages of manufacturing, packaging and transportation, maintenance and recycling, the ideal environmental impact of the compressor and its associated air-conditioning components on the environment EI min2 = 720, so there are: EI min = EI min1 + EI min2 = The life cycle environmental values ​​EV A and EV B of the 1 020 compressors A and B are: EV A = EI min / EI A = 0. 538 4 EV B = EI min / EI B = 0. 665 7 EV A < EV B, then supplier B should be selected. This is quite different from the results obtained from the perspective of the supplier only. Through analysis of the data, it is found that although supplier B has a greater impact on the environment when providing the compressor, due to its reasonable product structure, easy maintenance and recycling, the environmental impact of the air conditioning use and maintenance phase and the recycling phase is better than that of supplier A. The compressor provided is small. Comprehensive analysis, the selection of B-type compressor has a higher environmental value.

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June 29, 2021